PTE Core Insights:
PTE Core Listening for Educators

A Teacher's Guide to PTE Core Listening Section

Teacher explaining PTE Listening strategies to students in a classroom setting.
"Transform challenges into opportunities for growth in PTE Core Listening."

Key Takeaways of this Guide

  • Goal: Teach students to listen purposefully and strategically.
  • Importance: Checks real-time English comprehension and application.

Educator Strategies:

  • Equip students to understand and respond accurately.
  • Focus on task types and scoring for effective teaching.

Genebyte's Support:

  • Offers tools and knowledge for mastering the Listening section.
  • Provides detailed structure and scoring insights.

Impact:

  • Supports educators with strategies for improved teaching outcomes.
  • Enhances students' listening skills and exam performance.

Join Genebyte: Empower students in the PTE Core Listening section for academic and professional success in Canadian immigration.

Introduction to the Listening Section of PTE Core

Understanding the Cornerstone of Language Proficiency

In the landscape of PTE Core test, the Listening section emerges as a critical juncture, assessing an individual's proficiency in understanding spoken English across various academic and professional contexts. This section is as important and scoring as any of the other 3 sections of the Core test for general training, immigration purposes and Canada PR.

As educators and facilitators, we at Genebyte recognize the pivotal role this section plays in shaping the overall success of students in their quest to master the English language as the CLB (Canadian Language Benchmark) levels. Our mission is to empower coaching institutes and their trainers with state-of-the-art, AI-driven solutions that seamlessly integrate into the educational process, enhancing both teaching efficacy and student outcomes.

The Integral Role of Listening in Language Acquisition

Listening is not merely about hearing words but interpreting, understanding, and responding to them in real-time. It is a skill that underpins successful communication and is essential for academic success and professional advancement in English-speaking environments. With its diverse range of task types—from summarizing spoken texts to identifying incorrect words— this section mirrors the complexities of real-world listening scenarios, making it a vital component of the exam.

Why Focus on Listening?

For candidates, the Listening section is often more than just another part of the exam; it's a reflection of their ability to function effectively in an English-speaking domain. Following the Reading Section, this section emerges as a critical component and its importance is unmatched for the following reasons:

  • Integrated Scoring System: Beyond assessing listening skills, this section contributes to scores in reading and writing through integrated tasks, underscoring the interconnected nature of language skills.
  • Real-life Application: The tasks within this section are designed to mimic authentic listening situations, preparing students for real-life challenges in academic and professional settings.
  • Comprehensive Skill Assessment: From understanding the main idea and details to interpreting a speaker’s intention, the Listening section evaluates a wide array of listening skills, demanding a well-rounded proficiency from the test taker.

At Genebyte, our B2B SaaS solution is designed to address these facets head-on, offering coaching institutes a powerful tool to enhance their preparatory programs. Our platform not only provides practice materials reflective of the PTE Core's structure but also delivers immediate, AI-driven feedback, allowing for targeted improvements and a deeper understanding of the Listening section’s demands.

Structure of the Listening Section in PTE Core

The Listening section, integral to the PTE Core exam, is meticulously crafted to evaluate a candidate's proficiency in understanding spoken English. This portion of the exam not only assesses how well individuals comprehend English in an academic and professional context but also their ability to analyze and interpret information presented orally. Here, we delve into the structure, timing, and question distribution of the Listening section, highlighting how Genebyte’s software aids educators and coaching institutes in preparing students for success.

Understanding the Structure and Timing

The Listening section is characterized by its dynamic and interactive format, designed to reflect the complexities of real-world listening scenarios. Test-takers are presented with audio recordings that span a range of topics, accents, and situations, from lectures and conversations to everyday communications.

  • General Structure: Comprising 10 to 17 questions, the Listening section is divided into 7 distinct task types. These include Summarize Spoken Text, Multiple-choice, Choose Multiple Answers, Fill in the Blanks, Multiple-choice, Choose Single Answer, Select Missing Word, Highlight Incorrect Words, and Write from Dictation. Each task type challenges candidates in unique ways, demanding a blend of listening, analytical, and, in some cases, writing skills.
  • Combined Timer: The total time allocated for the Listening section ranges from 30 to 37 minutes. This includes a separate 10-minute timer for tasks like Summarize Spoken Text, with the remaining time distributed among the other task types. This structure necessitates effective time management skills, as candidates must balance the demands of accurately answering questions with the constraints of the exam clock.
  • Distribution of Items: Each task type within the Listening section varies in the number of items presented to candidates. For instance, 'Fill in the Blanks' and 'Write from Dictation' tasks can have multiple items, requiring quick processing and response from students. Understanding the distribution of items helps educators tailor their teaching strategies to emphasize areas where students may need more practice.

Summarize Spoken Text: A Key Component in PTE Core Listening

Within the diverse landscape of this section, "Summarize Spoken Text" stands out for its unique blend of listening and writing skills. This task type challenges test-takers to not only comprehend spoken English from various accents but also to condense the main ideas into a coherent summary. Here, we delve into why this task is pivotal and how Genebyte’s software aids educators in preparing students for success.

Understanding the Task

"Summarize Spoken Text" requires candidates to listen to a recording and then write a summary of 50-70 words within 10 minutes. This task evaluates a range of skills from listening comprehension to language proficiency, including grammar and vocabulary. It demands an acute understanding of the core message, the ability to distinguish between main points and details, and the skill to express these succinctly in written form.

The Significance of Subjective-Style Answers

Unlike objective tasks that have clear-cut right or wrong answers, "Summarize Spoken Text" allows for subjective-style responses. This means that while there is a range of acceptable answers, the quality of a response is determined by its clarity, relevance, and completeness. It tests a student's ability to analyze, synthesize, and evaluate information, skills that are crucial for academic success beyond the PTE Core exam.

Leveraging Templates for Effective Responses

Templates serve as a strategic tool in tackling this task, providing a structured approach to organizing ideas and ensuring that summaries are comprehensive yet concise. While templates can guide the structure, it's vital that students infuse their responses with original thought based on the audio content, adhering to the task's requirements for personal input and language proficiency.

Multiple-choice, Choose Multiple Answers (Listening): Navigating Negative Scoring

In the realm of this section, the "Multiple-choice, Choose Multiple Answers" task poses a unique challenge due to its negative scoring aspect. This task requires candidates to listen to a recording and select all the correct options from a list, with points deducted for incorrect selections. Understanding and mastering this task is crucial for educators aiming to guide their students effectively. Here, we dissect the nuances of this task type and discuss how Genebyte's software aids in overcoming its challenges.

The Challenge of Negative Scoring

Negative scoring in this task type is designed to penalize guesses, encouraging students to make selections based on genuine comprehension. For each incorrect option chosen, points are subtracted, which means that reckless guessing can lower the overall score rather than improve it. This scoring method highlights the importance of careful listening and critical evaluation of each option.

Strategies for Success

  1. Focused Listening: Encourage students to focus on the main idea and supporting details of the recording. Understanding the context can help identify correct options more accurately.
  2. Critical Evaluation: Train students to critically evaluate each option, considering its relevance and connection to the audio content before making a selection.
  3. Practice with Feedback: Regular practice with immediate feedback is essential. This helps students familiarize themselves with the task format and improve their decision-making process under exam conditions.

Fill in the Blanks (Listening): Enhancing Linguistic Precision and Focus

In the landscape of this section, the "Fill in the Blanks" task stands as a pivotal challenge, intricately designed to assess a learner's attentiveness and linguistic precision. This task type not only tests the ability to understand spoken English but also evaluates a student's capacity to accurately transcribe spoken words into written form. Here, we explore the importance of this question type and elucidate how Genebyte’s software propels educators and coaching institutes towards optimal preparation strategies.

Unpacking the Task's Significance

"Fill in the Blanks" requires candidates to listen carefully to a recording and type missing words into a transcript. This task type is crucial for several reasons:

  • Language Comprehension: It measures a student's ability to understand spoken English, encompassing a wide array of vocabulary and grammatical structures.
  • Attention to Detail: Success in this task demands high concentration levels, as test-takers must capture specific details and nuances within the audio.
  • Typing Accuracy: Beyond listening skills, this task assesses a student’s ability to accurately and quickly transcribe words, a skill increasingly vital in today's digital world.

Multiple-choice, Choose Single Answer (Listening): Focusing on Precision and Comprehension

In this section, the "Multiple-choice, Choose Single Answer" task is a critical element that tests a student's ability to pinpoint precise information from spoken text. This task type requires not only a deep understanding of the spoken material but also the capacity to make judicious selections based on that understanding. Herein lies the core of effective listening: comprehension coupled with decision-making accuracy.

Precision in Listening

This task demands meticulous attention to detail. candidates must sift through the information presented in a recording, identifying the key points and distinguishing them from similar or distractor options. This level of precision ensures that students are not merely passive listeners but active participants in their learning journey, engaging with content critically and thoughtfully.

The Art of Comprehension

"Multiple-choice, Choose Single Answer" goes beyond assessing basic listening skills. It assesses a student's ability to:

  • Understand the context and main idea of spoken texts.
  • Recognize the subtleties and implications within the conversation or monologue.
  • Analyze and evaluate the information to select the most accurate answer.

This task mirrors real-life scenarios where individuals must make informed decisions based on auditory information, highlighting its importance in both academic and everyday settings.

Select Missing Word: Mastering the Beep in this task-type

The "Select Missing Word" task uniquely challenges students to pinpoint the exact word or phrase that completes a recording, signaled by a distinct beep. This task not only assesses a student's ability to understand spoken English but also their predictive and contextual comprehension skills. Here, we delve into the nuances of this task and illustrate how Genebyte’s software equips educators with the tools to guide their students toward mastery.

Understanding the "Beep"

The "Select Missing Word" task plays a short recording ending in a beep where a word or a phrase is omitted. candidates are then required to choose the correct option from a list that best completes the recording. The beep serves as a critical cue, indicating the moment test-takers must focus their attention to make an informed selection based on the context provided up to that point.

The Significance of Contextual Comprehension

Success in this task hinges on:

  • Predictive Listening: The ability to anticipate what comes next in spoken discourse, based on understanding the overall theme and specific details leading up to the beep.
  • Contextual Analysis: Analyzing the information provided before the beep to select the most appropriate missing word or phrase that seamlessly fits the narrative or argument.

Highlight Incorrect Words: Enhancing Accuracy

The "Highlight Incorrect Words" task within the Listening section is a critical component that tests a student's ability to discern accuracy in spoken language. This task type is not only pivotal for evaluating a student's listening proficiency but also plays a significant role in honing their attention to detail and linguistic precision. Here, we delve into the importance of this question type and the implications of negative scoring, while showcasing how Genebyte’s software serves as a vital tool for educators and coaching institutes.

The Essence of Highlighting Incorrect Words

This particular task requires test-takers to listen to a recording and identify words in the transcript that differ from what is spoken. The task emphasizes the need for:

  • Keen Listening: Students must maintain a high level of concentration to catch subtle discrepancies between the spoken word and the written text.
  • Linguistic Knowledge: Understanding of language nuances is crucial for identifying words that do not fit the context or are inaccurately used in the transcript.

Negative Scoring: A Double-Edged Sword

The "Highlight Incorrect Words" task incorporates negative scoring, where points are deducted for every incorrect highlight. This scoring mechanism:

  • Discourages Guessing: Encourages students to make selections based on certainty rather than speculation, promoting a more disciplined approach to the task.
  • Reinforces Accuracy: Rewards students who can accurately identify discrepancies, thereby reinforcing the importance of precision in language comprehension.

Write from Dictation: Cultivating Comprehensive Listening and Writing Skills

In the Listening section, "Write from Dictation" emerges as a pivotal question type that significantly impacts a student's overall performance. This task is designed to test a test-taker's ability to accurately transcribe a short recording, challenging both their listening comprehension and writing proficiency. Here, we explore the essence of "Write from Dictation" and how Genebyte’s software offers an unparalleled advantage to educators in preparing students for this demanding section.

The Critical Role of Write from Dictation

"Write from Dictation" holds a unique place within the PTE Core exam due to its direct assessment of a student's ability to:

  • Listen Attentively: This task requires undivided attention to catch every word in the recording, emphasizing the importance of focused listening skills.
  • Process Information: Beyond mere listening, students must process and retain the spoken content long enough to accurately transcribe it.
  • Demonstrate Writing Accuracy: Precision in spelling, punctuation, and grammar is crucial, as even minor errors can lead to loss of points.

This synergy between listening and writing underscores the comprehensive nature of language proficiency being evaluated, making "Write from Dictation" a critical component of this section.

Scoring Mechanism and Integrated Tasks

Deciphering the Scoring Algorithm

The scoring algorithm of this section is a sophisticated blend of objectivity and nuanced evaluation, designed to accurately reflect a test-taker's proficiency in understanding spoken English. At Genebyte, we emphasize the significance of this algorithm to educators, shedding light on its complexity and the strategic importance of task difficulty and average scores. This understanding is crucial for coaching institutes to tailor their instruction and maximize students' potential.

The Complexity of Scoring

Unlike straightforward marking schemes, an intricate algorithm is employed here that considers several factors:

  • Task Difficulty: The scoring system adjusts for the varying levels of difficulty across different listening tasks, ensuring that scores accurately represent test-taker abilities.
  • Average Scores: The algorithm also factors in the average scores of test-takers globally, which can influence the weighting of each task's score.

This complexity necessitates a deep understanding among educators, enabling them to guide students more effectively through the nuances of the Listening section.

Integrated Scoring Explained

One of the unique aspects of the PTE Core is its integrated scoring system, where skills assessed in one section can influence scores in others. This interconnectivity highlights the test's holistic approach to language proficiency:

  • Contribution to Reading and Writing: Listening tasks not only gauge listening skills but also contribute to scores in the Reading and Writing sections. This is evident in tasks where test-takers must write responses based on what they've heard or choose correct written responses to spoken questions.
  • Reciprocal Scoring from Speaking: Few Speaking tasks, like repeating sentences or answering questions, also influence the listening score because they include listening elements. This reciprocal scoring underscores the integrated nature of communication skills, reflecting real-world language use where listening and speaking often occur simultaneously.

The Objective vs. Subjective Natures of Various Task types

Educators and candidates alike encounter a spectrum of tasks, each designed to assess a different aspect of a test-taker's auditory proficiency. Understanding the dichotomy between objective and subjective tasks is pivotal for teachers aiming to guide their students through the nuanced landscape of listening comprehension. At Genebyte, our B2B SaaS solution is meticulously crafted to support educators in this endeavor, offering a robust platform that illuminates the distinctive features of each task type within the Listening section.

Objective Tasks: Precision in Listening

Objective tasks in the Listening section, such as Multiple-choice, Choose Single Answer (Listening), and Fill in the Blanks (Listening), demand precision and focus from test-takers. These tasks are characterized by their requirement for specific answers, often testing the ability to identify factual information, main ideas, or key details within a spoken passage. The challenge here lies in the test-taker's ability to sift through information and select or recall exact words or concepts accurately.

  • Multiple-choice, Choose Single Answer (Listening): Requires test-takers to select one correct answer from multiple options, testing their ability to understand the gist or specific details of what was heard.
  • Fill in the Blanks (Listening): Demands that students type missing words from a transcription of the recording they heard, emphasizing the importance of detailed listening and vocabulary knowledge.

Subjective Tasks: The Art of Comprehension and Summarization

Conversely, subjective tasks like Summarize Spoken Text invite test-takers to engage more deeply with the content, necessitating a comprehensive understanding and the ability to convey this understanding in their own words. These tasks assess higher-order thinking skills, including analysis, synthesis, and evaluation.

  • Summarize Spoken Text: Challenges students to listen to a recording and then write a summary. This task evaluates both listening and writing skills, requiring a nuanced comprehension of the spoken material and the ability to condense and articulate the main points effectively.

The Significance of Repetition in Listening Materials for PTE Core Preparation

In the domain of PTE Core preparation, the strategic utilization of repetition in listening materials stands as a cornerstone for enhancing student outcomes. Genebyte's innovative B2B SaaS solution is designed with the recognition that familiarity breeds competence, especially when navigating the Listening section of the PTE Core. Here, we delve into the benefits of incorporating repeated question-items in teaching strategies and provide guidance on effectively leveraging these materials.

Unveiling the Benefits of Repetition

Enhanced Comprehension and Recall: Repeated exposure to specific question-items significantly improves students' ability to comprehend spoken English and recall details accurately. This practice not only aids in understanding the content but also in grasitating the structure and pacing of spoken language, which is crucial for the Listening section.

Boosted Confidence: Familiarity with question types and formats through repetition can markedly boost students' confidence. When test-takers know what to expect, their anxiety levels decrease, allowing them to perform optimally during the exam.

Improved Listening Skills: Regular interaction with repeated listening materials enhances overall listening skills. Students become more adept at parsing spoken language, identifying key points, and distinguishing between similar sounding words or phrases, skills that are essential for success.

Strategies for Utilizing Repeated Materials in Teaching

Curated Practice Sessions: Incorporate repeated question-items into practice sessions, ensuring that students encounter a variety of question types multiple times. Genebyte's platform provides a vast repository of listening materials that mirror those found in actual exams, enabling educators to design practice sessions that replicate the test environment.

Focused Feedback and Analysis: Utilize the immediate, AI-driven feedback provided by Genebyte to analyze students' performance on repeated materials. Identify patterns in errors or misunderstandings and address these areas in targeted review sessions, reinforcing learning and improvement.

Integration with Teaching Methodologies: Embed repetition strategically within your teaching methodologies. For instance, begin a lesson with a familiar listening exercise to warm up, introduce new concepts or skills, then circle back to similar exercises to reinforce the new learning in a familiar context.

Encourage Independent Practice: Guide students to incorporate repetition into their independent study routines. Provide them with access to Genebyte's platform where they can engage with repeated listening materials at their own pace, fostering autonomy in their learning process.

Diverse Application: Leverage repetition not just for direct listening practice but also to enhance vocabulary, grammatical understanding, and pronunciation skills. Repeated exposure to the same materials can help solidify these foundational language skills in a listening context.

Challenges and Opportunities within the Listening Section

In the journey of mastering the PTE Core, both educators and students often encounter the Listening section as a formidable challenge. This part of the exam not only tests the ability to comprehend spoken English but also assesses the capacity to analyze and synthesize information under time constraints. At Genebyte, we understand these hurdles intimately and have developed our B2B SaaS solution to turn these challenges into opportunities for growth and learning. By dissecting the common obstacles and revealing the potential within the Listening section, we aim to empower coaching institutes to elevate their teaching methodologies and enhance student performance.

Navigating the Common Challenges

  1. Varied Accents and Speeds: Students often struggle with the diversity of accents and the speed at which information is presented in the Listening section. This can lead to misunderstandings or missing critical pieces of information.
  2. Complex Question Formats: The range of task types, from summarizing spoken text to filling in blanks, can overwhelm students unfamiliar with the exam format, leading to anxiety and reduced performance.
  3. Integrated Task Difficulty: With scores from the Listening section influencing other areas of the exam, students face added pressure to perform, often without understanding how these integrations work.

Harnessing Opportunities for Enhancement

Genebyte's platform is meticulously designed to address these challenges, offering comprehensive solutions that open up new avenues for teaching and learning:

  1. Tailored Practice Sessions: Our solution includes a vast library of listening materials encompassing a wide range of accents and speaking rates, allowing students to familiarize themselves with the auditory diversity they will encounter. By integrating these practice sessions into the curriculum, teachers can help students build confidence and improve comprehension skills.
  2. Strategic Understanding of Task Types: We provide detailed breakdowns of each listening task type, accompanied by tips and strategies for tackling them effectively. This knowledge enables teachers to prepare students not just for content but for the format, reducing exam-day anxiety and enhancing performance.
  3. Insights into Integrated Scoring: Genebyte demystifies the scoring algorithm, offering insights into how the Listening section scores contribute to overall performance. With this understanding, teachers can guide students more effectively, focusing on tasks that offer the greatest opportunity for score improvement.
  4. Real-time Feedback and Analytics: Our platform offers immediate, AI-driven feedback on practice tests, pinpointing areas for improvement. This feature allows teachers to adapt their instruction based on data-driven insights, focusing on individual student needs and maximizing teaching efficiency.

Actionable Steps for Educators to Elevate Listening Skills in PTE Core

As we conclude our exploration into the complexities and opportunities of the PTE Core Listening section, it's clear that the journey to mastery is multifaceted, requiring not just hard work but strategic, informed efforts. For educators steering students through the nuances of listening comprehension and beyond, the path is laden with challenges but also ripe with opportunities for transformative learning experiences. Here, we offer actionable steps and summarize key insights, emphasizing how Genebyte’s B2B SaaS solution can be the catalyst for elevating teaching methodologies and student outcomes in coaching institutes.

  1. Integrate Diverse Listening Materials: Regularly expose students to a wide range of accents, speeds, and topics to build versatility in listening comprehension.
  2. Embrace Repetition: Utilize repeated listening materials to enhance familiarity and confidence, making challenging content more accessible over time.
  3. Leverage Technology: Employ Genebyte’s AI-driven analytics and feedback tools to identify areas of improvement and tailor your teaching approach accordingly.
  4. Focus on Integrated Tasks: Cultivate an understanding of how listening scores impact and are impacted by other sections of the PTE Core, guiding students to strategize their practice sessions for maximum efficacy.
  5. Encourage Active Engagement: Promote an active learning environment where students are encouraged to discuss their interpretations and analyses of listening materials, fostering critical thinking and deeper comprehension.

Genebyte stands at the forefront of educational technology, offering a robust platform specifically designed to address the challenges and leverage the opportunities. Our solution, enriched with a comprehensive database of practice materials and powered by advanced analytics, is crafted to align with the business objectives of coaching institutes while meeting the intricate learning needs of students. By integrating Genebyte’s platform into your teaching strategies, you benefit from:

  • Targeted Practice Sessions: Tailored to mimic the real exam environment, enhancing students' readiness and confidence.
  • Immediate, Insightful Feedback: Facilitating swift adjustments in teaching methods and focusing on areas that demand attention.
  • Strategic Preparation: Empowering educators with the knowledge and tools to guide students through the Listening section’s intricacies effectively.

Engage Further with Genebyte

In encapsulating the essence of our discussion, it is evident that the path to mastering the Listening section in PTE Core, while challenging, is navigable with the right tools and expertise. Genebyte’s B2B SaaS solution is specifically engineered to empower educators and students alike, making it an indispensable resource for coaching institutes aiming for excellence in PTE Core preparation.

We invite educators and institute administrators to explore further the transformative potential of our platform. Sign up for a trial, or contact us for a demonstration. Together, let’s harness the power of innovation to elevate teaching methods and student outcomes, marking a new era of success in PTE Core preparation and English language proficiency!

Frequently Asked Questions

Integrated tasks in the Listening section affect scores by assessing a combination of skills. For example, scores from tasks that involve listening and then writing or speaking contribute not only to the Listening score but also to Writing or Speaking scores, highlighting the interconnected nature of language skills in the PTE Core.

A key strategy includes practicing note-taking to capture the main ideas and supporting details while listening. Utilizing a template can also help structure the summary, ensuring that responses are coherent and cover essential content.

Familiarity with a range of accents prepares test-takers for the diversity of spoken English they will encounter, improving comprehension and reducing the likelihood of misunderstandings due to unfamiliar pronunciation.

Marks are distributed across different task types based on their complexity and the skills they assess. The total score for the Listening section is calculated using a complex algorithm that considers task difficulty and average test-taker scores.

The Listening section comprises 10 to 17 questions, varying across 7 different task types, to comprehensively assess a test-taker’s listening abilities.

PTE Core Listening audios include a variety of accents to mimic the global nature of English. Test-takers can expect to hear accents from North America, the UK, Australia, and non-native English speakers to ensure comprehensive listening skill assessment.

The combined duration of the Listening section ranges from 30 to 37 minutes, not including the additional 10-minute timer provided for the Summarize Spoken Text task.

Components include a variety of task types such as Summarize Spoken Text, Multiple-choice Questions, Fill in the Blanks, Select Missing Word, Highlight Incorrect Words, and Write from Dictation, each designed to test different aspects of listening comprehension.

There are two separate timers: one specific 10-minute timer for each Summarize Spoken Text task and a combined timer for the remaining tasks, which can vary from 21-22 minutes, potentially reducing to as low as 18 minutes based on the test version.

Encouraging regular exposure to various English-speaking media and practicing with materials that include a wide range of accents are effective strategies. Teachers can also conduct accent training sessions using resources that mimic the diversity found in the PTE Core.

Consistent daily practice, focusing on different task types and accents, is recommended. Quality over quantity is key, with a focus on understanding mistakes and learning from feedback.

Repetition aids in familiarizing test-takers with common question types and themes, enhancing their ability to comprehend and respond more effectively over time.

Incorporating a mix of practice tests, focused listening exercises, and discussion-based reviews of listening tasks into the curriculum can help teachers use the PTE Core formats to improve student listening skills strategically.